Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are mental health conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness that is persistent and disproportionate to the situation or occurs without a clear reason. While anxiety is a normal response to stress, it becomes an anxiety disorder when these feelings become chronic, overwhelming, difficult to manage, and interfere with daily functioning. Anxiety disorders can significantly impact quality of life by affecting work performance, academic success, social interactions, relationships, personal goals, self-esteem, and overall well-being. Many individuals begin to structure their lives around avoiding anxiety-provoking situations, which can reinforce anxiety symptoms over time. Anxiety disorders can affect people of all ages and often coexist with depression or other mental health conditions. With evidence-based treatment, anxiety disorders are highly treatable, and many individuals experience substantial relief and regain emotional and mental stability.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by chronic, excessive worry about everyday life events that is difficult to control. Symptoms often include restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge, muscle tension, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, and poor sleep. Individuals often describe a constant mental tension with “what if” thinking that is difficult to shut off. GAD can affect work, school, relationships, and overall well-being, leading to chronic stress, burnout, mood symptoms, and physical health problems. Symptoms respond well to psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear of being judged, embarrassed, or negatively evaluated in social situations. This fear goes beyond typical shyness and leads to significant distress or avoidance. Performance anxiety is when the fear is pertains to speaking or performing in public, rather than most social settings. Symptoms of social anxiety or performance anxiety may include blushing, sweating, trembling, shaky voice, nausea, rapid heart rate, and intense self-consciousness in certain settings. Anticipatory anxiety may begin days or weeks before the event, while post-event processing and rumination can lead weeks or months of repetitive replaying of events and focusing on perceived mistakes, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. Treatment can help individuals manage symptoms, build confidence, and engage more fully in social life.

Panic Disorder

Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that peak within minutes and occur unexpectedly or in response to triggers. Symptoms may include rapid or pounding heartbeat, chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, choking sensations, nausea or abdominal distress, dizziness, sweating, chills or hot flashes, numbness or tingling, trembling, and fear of losing control or dying. Because symptoms can mimic medical emergencies, panic attacks can be frightening. With treatment, individuals can learn to manage symptoms, reduce frequency and intensity of attacks, and regain a sense of control in their lives.

Agoraphobia

Agoraphobia involves intense fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable if anxiety or panic symptoms occur. This often includes crowds, public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, or being outside the home alone. Agoraphobia often lead to avoidance of feared situations and significantly restricted independence and daily functioning. In severe cases, individuals may become largely homebound. Therapy and medication can help restore mobility and confidence.

Specific Phobias

Specific phobias involve intense fear of a particular object or situation, such as heights, flying, animals, needles, or blood. The fear is excessive and out of proportion to the actual threat. Exposure to the feared object often triggers immediate anxiety or panic, leading to avoidance. Treatment, particularly exposure-based therapy, is highly effective.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by an intense preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance that are minor or not noticeable to others. These concerns often focus on areas such as the skin, hair, face, weight, body shape, or muscle mass (muscle dysmorphia) and can consume a significant amount of time each day. Common symptoms include frequent mirror checking or mirror avoidance, excessive grooming, skin picking, comparing one’s appearance to others, seeking reassurance about perceived defects, and avoidance of social situations or photos. In some cases, individuals pursue cosmetic or dermatologic procedures, which typically do not relieve the underlying distress. Evidence-based treatment, including psychotherapy and medication when indicated, can help individuals manage symptoms and develop a healthier relationship with their body and self-image.

Hoarding Disorder

Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value. Individuals may feel strong emotional attachment to items and distress at the thought of discarding them. Clutter can lead to unsafe or unusable living spaces. Hoarding can strain relationships, create health and safety risks, and lead to significant shame or isolation. Treatment focuses on behavior change, emotional regulation, and decision-making skills.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. These conditions go beyond everyday habits or preferences and can be time-consuming, distressing, and difficult to control. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive and related disorders may experience intense anxiety, shame, or discomfort when unable to perform certain behaviors or rituals. Over time, these behaviors can increase in frequency and interfere with daily routines, work, relationships, and emotional well-being. These disorders can significantly impact quality of life by limiting functioning, increasing isolation, and contributing to anxiety or depression. Many individuals structure their lives around managing symptoms or avoiding triggers, which can reinforce distress. With evidence-based treatment, including specialized psychotherapy and medication when appropriate, many people experience meaningful symptom reduction and improved daily functioning.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves persistent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) that cause significant anxiety, along with repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. Obsessions may include fears of contamination, harming others, or needing things to feel “just right,” while compulsions may involve excessive cleaning, checking, counting, or mental rituals. The cycle of obsessions and compulsions can consume hours each day and increase emotional distress, causing significant disruption in daily routines, work, school, relationships, and overall functioning. Evidence-based treatment can significantly reduce OCD symptoms and improve functioning.

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

Trichotillomania involves recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, leading to noticeable hair loss. The behavior is often preceded by tension and followed by relief or gratification. Attempts to stop are often unsuccessful. Hair pulling may involve the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other body areas and may occur consciously or automatically. The condition can cause distress, embarrassment, and social avoidance. Treatment can help individuals reduce urges and develop healthier coping strategies.

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

Excoriation disorder is characterized by recurrent skin picking that results in skin lesions. Attempts to stop are often unsuccessful. Skin-picking may be triggered by stress, anxiety, boredom, or perceived skin imperfections. Over time, it can lead to scarring, infections, and emotional distress. This disorder can impact self-esteem, body image, and social functioning. Evidence-based treatment can help reduce behaviors and improve emotional regulation.

Medical Disclaimer: Some of the content on this website was sourced from the American Psychiatric Association. Content on this website is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Viewing this website does not establish a provider-patient relationship. The information is provided “as is” without warranty.

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